Furnace Temperature

KIND OF FURNACE	DEGREES C	DEGREES F
Boilers	1000 to 1600	1800 to 2900
By-Product Coke Ovens	1000 to 1500	1830 to 2730
Cement Kilns, hot Zone	1300 to 1600	2400 to 2900
Copper Converters	1200 to 1300	2200 to 2400
Copper Refining Furnaces	1250 to 1550	2300 to 2800
Copper Reverberatories	1300 to 1570	2400 to 2850
Gas Producer	1260 to 1370	2300 to 2500
Glass Annealing Furnaces	0430 to 0450	0800 to 1000
Glass Tanks, Bottle	1370 to 1600	2500 to 2900
Glass Tanks, Plate	1370 to 1650	2500 to 3000
Iron and Steel Furnaces
Annealing Oven	0760 to 0980	1400 to 1800
Blast Furnace, Tapping	1370 to 1540	2500 to 2800
Bessemer Converter	1540 to 1650	2800 to 3000
Electric Furnaces	1450 to 1700	2650 to 3100
Heating Furnaces	0980 to 1310	1800 to 2400
Malleable Furnaces	1300 to 1650	2400 to 3000
Open Hearths
Melting Chamber	0650 to 1680	1200 to 3050
Checkers	0200 to 1430	0400 to 2600
Soaking Pits	1150 to 1370	2100 to 2500

Color Scale For Temperatures

Color Scale For Temperatures
Lowest Visible Red Lowest Visible Red To Dark Red Dark Red To Cheery Red Cheery Red To Bright Cheery Red Bright Cheery Red To Orange Orange To Yellow Yellow To Light Yellow Light Yellow To White White To Dazzling White	475 475 to 650 650 to 750 750 to 815 815 to 900 900 to 1090 1090 to 1315 1315 to 1540 1540 to Over	885 885 to 1200 1200 to 1380 1380 to 1500 1500 to 1650 1650 to 2000 2000 to 2400 2400 to 2800 2800 to Over

TEMPERATURE END POINTS OF PYROMETRIC CONES

DEFINATION : Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (P.C.E.) – In the case of refractories, the number of that standard cone whose tip would touch the supporting plaque simultaneously with a cone of the material being investigated when tested in accordance with the Standard Method of test for P.C.E. of Fireclay Bricks IS: 1528 Part-I 1980 of the Indian Standard Institute.
Note: The terms – “fusion point”, “Softening point”, “deformation point” and melting point have heretofore been lossely used for “pyrometric cone equivalent”.

Large Cones			P.C.E.Cones
Orton Cone	ºC	ºF	Orton Cone	ºC	ºF
022 021 020 019	585 602 625 668	1085 1116 1157 1234	11 12 13 14	1294 1306 1349 1398	2361 2383 2460 2548
018 017 016 015	696 727 767 790	1285 1341 1407 1454	15 16 17 18	1430 1491 1512 1522	2606 2716 2754 2772
014 013 012 011	834 869 866 886	1533 1596 1591 1627	19 20 23 26	1541 1564 1605 1621	2806 2847 2921 2950
010 09 08 07	887 915 945 973	1629 1679 1733 1783	27 29 31 31	1640 1659 1683 1699	2984 3018 3061 3090
06 05 04 03	991 1031 1050 1086	1816 1888 1922 1987	32 32 33 34	1717 1724 1743 1763	3123 3135 3169 3205
02 01 1 2	1101 1117 1136 1142	2014 2043 2077 2088	35 36 37 38	1785 1804 1820 1820	3245 3279 3308 3362
3 4 5 6	1152 1168 1177 1201	2106 2134 2151 2194	39 40 41 42	1865 1885 1970 2015	3389 3425 3525 3659
7 8 9 10	1215 1236 1260 1285	2219 2257 2300 2345	-	-	-

NOTE :

Pyrometric cones do not give an accurate measurement of temperature. Where it is desired to interpret P.C.E. values approximately in terms of temperature, The table above may be used. This table had been approved by the A.S.M.T. based on the work of Fairchild and peters, J. Amer. Cer. Soc. 9, 701-43, 1926. Revision in the A.S.M.T. cones 12 to 37 inclusive were adopted in June, 1955, A.S.M.T. Standards 1955, 711.715 Heating rate: Cones 022 to 37 inclusive, 150ºCent. Per hour (270ºF per hour); Cones 38, 100º Cent. Per hour (180ºF per hours). The temperatures do not apply to the slower of heating common in the commercial firing and to use of refractory materials. This chart as been adopted by bureau of Indian Standards

Cooperative Chart showing Cones Nos. and Temperature for segar & Orton Cones
Cone No.	Segar(º)	Orton (º)	Cone No. (º)	Segar (º)	Orton (º)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 26 27 27½ 28 29 30	1395 1410 1440 1470 1500 1520 1540 1560 - 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680	1349 1398 1430 1491 1512 1522 1541 1564 1605 1621 1640 - 1646 1659 1665	31 31º½ 32 32½ 33 33½ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42	1700 - 1710 1720 1730 1740 1760 1780 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1940 1980	1683 1699 1717 1724 1743 - 1763 1785 1804 1820 1835 1865 1885 1970 2015
Conversion Table Cold Crushing Strength
Kg/cm2 KB/IN2 Kg/cm2 KB/IN2	100 1,422 - -	200 2,844 600 8,532	300 4,266 700 9,954	400 5,688 800 11,376	500 7,110 900 12,798
Calorie
1,000 K.Cal 1,000 BTU		1,500 5,952		1,000 3,968
Thermal Conductivity
K. Cal /m/hr/ºC B.T.U./in/hr./ºF		- 4,032	0.5 8,064	1 24,194	3 -
Density
g/cm3 ib/ft3 ib/in3 g/cm3 ib/ft3 ib/in3	1.9 119 0.06865 - - -	2.1 131 0.07587 2.9 181 0.10478	2.5 144 0.0831 3.1 194 0.11200	2.5 156 0.09033 3.3 206 0.11923	2.7 169 0.09755 3.5 219 0.12646

NUMBER OF BRICKS REQUIRED PER UNIT VOLUME
A CUBIC METRE Of Brickwork requires A CUBIC FOOT of Brickwork requires THE Volume of 1000 Nos. Standard 230 x 113 x 75mm Straights closely stacked is approximately The Volume of 1000 Nos. Standard 9”x 4”x 3” Straights closely stacked is approximately	513 Number 230 x 113x75 mm Straights 14.2 Numbers 9” x 4” x 3” Straights 1.95 cubic meters 71 cubic feet

NUMBER OF BRICKS REQUIRED PER SQ. FOOT OF WALL
Thickness of Wall	230 x 113 x 65 mm (9” x 4” x 2”)	230 x 113 x 75 mm (9” x 4” x 3”)
65 mm (2.5”) 75 mm (3”) 115 mm (4.5”) 230 mm (9”) 340 mm(13.5”) 460 mm (18”) 575 mm (22.5”) 690 mm (27”)	3.56 - 6.40 12.80 19.20 25.60 32.00 38.40	- 3.56 5.30 10.70 16.00 21.30 26.70 32.00

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Furnace Temperature